The Metamorphosis and Ethan Frome Essay Example For Students

The Metamorphosis and Ethan Frome Essay The everyday practice of life can bring a few people a feeling of security and joy. For other people, this routine can be the reason for gigantic discontent and a sentiment of capture. The primary characters of the books The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka and Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton both experience this sentiment of being caught by their ordinary duties and condition. Family commitment, cultural desire, and their interior and outer appearances trap both Gregor Samsa and Ethan Frome. One primary driver for Gregor being caught is his commitment to his family. His budgetary commitment alone is sufficient to squeeze him. His activity and his mystery intend to get his sister through school additionally place an interest on him. Gregor is exclusively answerable for reimbursing his folks old obligations. The weight this puts on him is shown when he says, Well, I havent surrendered trust totally; once Ive gotten the cash together to take care of my folks obligation to him-that will most likely take another five or six years-Im going to do it without fail(Kafka 4). Significantly in the wake of finding he has transformed into a bug he despite everything feels his commitment to his family. Society additionally has desires for Gregor that he can't escape in any event, when he is secured up in the room that in the end turns into his grave. On one of his horrifying restless evenings he is as yet thinking about his workday and of individuals he blends with consistently. He understands that as opposed to helping him and his family, they were all out of reach and he was happy when they blurred away(Kafka 43). Gregor gets no assistance from the general public that he is so faithful to. Gregor is clearly caught by his outside appearance. His physical restrictions develop his sentiment of vanity. His outer appearance mirrors his inner emotions, as he presently feels vulnerable by not having the option to truly do his obligations. Ethan was additionally caught by commitment to his family. It caught him when he needed to go off with Mattie and it caught him for a mind-blowing remainder after the mishap. Zeena was the principle wellspring of the pointlessness of Ethans presence. This is demonstrated when Ethan reflects terribly that his seven years with Zeena appeared to Starkfield not all that long(Wharton 64). Cultural desires additionally forced Ethan. It impeded him from demonstrating open love to Mattie by its looking downward on their relationship. His conjugal commitment constrained him to remain with Zeena despite the fact that he cherished Mattie as separation was looked downward on. His dissatisfaction about this is indicated when Mattie needs to leave and he says, what goodll composing do? I need to accomplish for you and care for you(Wharton 115). Ethan realizes that society will never acknowledge a connection among himself and Mattie. Ethans interior inabilities take on an outside appearance after the mishap. His physical structure hardens his being caught in Starkfield, in his marriage, and in his life. He whines that he is tied hand and foot(Wharton 115). Both Ethan and Gregor are caught by a physical handicap, however they are likewise caught by what most would think about the typical every day schedule of life. It is significant for individuals to have the option to satisfy their commitments to family and society while as yet being content inside themselves. Despite the fact that these two cases are extraordinary, the outcomes of feeling caught inside ones own condition can be like those of Ethan and Gregor. Reference index: .

Marketing Report Bokomo Foods Essay

1.0. A report introducing market information so as to educate an oat organization Bokomo Ltd. To consider whether to extend more in the United Kingdom showcase. 2.0 Executive synopsis. This is a short report, containing showcasing information on both the oat advertise and a particular business, Bokomo UK. The information was acquired from auxiliary showcasing research. Bokomoâ's site was one of the principle reference control. With the discoveries and examination, it was suggested that Bokomo ought to extend their own image items more in the UK. The PEST examination of the UK basic food item industry remembered for this report was utilized to feature the outside components that can influence Bokomo’s activity and decipher how these variables will impact Bokomo. Moreover, through the market investigation it was discovered that Kellogg’s and Weetabix essentially lead the grain business, trailed by Nestle and Jordans. These organizations have a wide scope of brands focused at various buyers, and they have client devotion, which can make it harder for more up to date organizations to enter this part. As referenced previously, in the grain showcase there are a huge assortment of focused purchasers like kids, ladies, and families. The primary key patterns in the market are helpful bites and awareness towards wellbeing. Aside from that, own marked names are likewise picking up fame as they offer shoppers a similar item at a less expensive cost. SWOT investigation permitted us to devise the company’s inward examination. Qualities incorporated their notable notoriety and clients, for example, enormous food retailers (Tescoâ's), to which they sell production and bundling administrations. Shortcomings comprise of the negative viewpoints the organization faces, including their not commonly recognized name, and general negative exposure they face in this intricate area. Openings were conceived from the social components from the PEST examination as changes in customer tastes and patterns are openings were this organization can profit by addressing those requirements. These were alsoâ an significant piece of the report as it influenced the last proposals for the organization. Dangers incorporated the budgetary downturn and expanding levels of movement. Bokomo Foods is a significant oat maker in the United Kingdom, built up around 80 years prior. In spite of not being a commonly recognized name, is a UK driving grain creator and the organization has accomplished assorted variety by delivering a scope of own-name items. Besides, they fabricate marked items for huge organizations, just as marked bundling administrations like Bag in Box, Pot or Pouch. These administrations are for driving retailers, for example, Tescoâ's, Sainsburyâ's and Morrison’s, among numerous others. 3.0 Introduction + Aim. This is a report whose point is to introduce showcase information so as to illuminate Bokomo plc. an oat organization, regardless of whether further development in the UK advertise is gainful right now. The report will distinguish and break down the present business circumstance, utilizing SWOT investigation, and survey the macroeconomic point of view of the general UK basic food item industry utilizing PEST examination. The SWOT examination will assist us with inspecting the particular organization factors, as it is basic to comprehend these so as to relate them back to the PEST and market patterns. Both inner and outside elements influence how Bokomo will work now and later on. 4.0 The basic food item showcase condition †PEST investigation 4.1 Political Political components affect the investigation of outer variables since they are controlled by the level of government mediation in the economy. The political circumstance in the UK is steady. Her Majesty’s Government, drove by Prime Minister David Cameron of the Conservative Party, is chiefly worried about the money related emergency influencing economies everywhere throughout the world and to reinforce the monetary situation of UK comprehensively. Through work enactments, the legislature urges retailers to give a blend of openings for work from adaptable, lower-paid and privately based employments to exceptionally gifted, more generously compensated and halfway found occupations (Balchin, 1994). Relocation largy affects the staple business, as it gives new clients, just as open doors for grocery stores to oblige the diverse culinary societies of foreigners. Movement additionally prompts an adjustment in size of work pool, which could affect the accessibility of laborers. Most recent figures from the Office for National Statistics show about 503,000 individuals came to live in the UK in the year finishing June 2013, contrasted and 517,000 individuals the earlier year (ONS.gov, 2013). 4.2 Economic Monetary variables are critical to consider with respect to the UK basic food item showcase, as they are profoundly compelling to request, costs, costs, and benefit. One of the most persuasive factors on the economy is high joblessness level, which diminishes the compelling interest for some products, unfavorably influencing the interest required to deliver such merchandise. Joblessness in the UK is at 7.1% as of January 2014, as indicated by BBC. Another exceptionally pertinent monetary factor is the staple market size and the market development. IGD conjecture that the UK staple market worth can't avoid being worth  £205.9bn in 2018, a 21.3% expansion on 2013 (IGD.com, 2013). This is useful news to Bokomo, since any extension would be conceivable with respect to the accessibility of region in the market to grow. Another market normal for significance is the measure of spending on staple goods with respect to by and large retail use in the UK. The basic food item market’s s hare represents 54.9p in each  £1 of UK retail spending (IGD.com, 2013). 4.3 Social As per Askew (2013) deals in the grain business have been feeling the squeeze in these previous years, particularly because of the changing social patterns and propensities for customers. Despite the fact that deals in this market have been steady, development has been moderate. Customary breakfast propensities have changed and individuals devour less oats in light of a busier way of life. Likewise expanding number of purchasers skip breakfast. An expansion in female laborers has additionally affected this, which is the reason rivalry for helpful alternatives is growingâ more each time. An expanding number of individuals currently search for simple and snappy options in contrast to plunking down and eating. Be that as it may, they hope to get similar supplements and solid advantages with these advantageous choices. A developing number of ladies presently give unique consideration to what they are eating, checking the naming, dietary data and elements of every item. Progressively, ladies have a more prominent worry with their weight and good dieting. Of late, the interest for children’s grains has declined as a result of the sugar content it has. Grain organizations use advertising to further their potential benefit and draw in kids with undesirable items. Their principle source has been TV adverts and the majority of the grains for youngsters have high sugar content with low dietary benefit, a reality of which more guardians know. Aside from purchaser worries about wellbeing, they are likewise getting progressively mindful of the earth. In this particular market, numerous grain organizations presently control their water use, vitality use, squander delivered, and so forth. The majority of them likewise give close consideration to the bundling of the item, such as utilizing reused bundling. Another social factor that influences the staple market when all is said in done is the various culture in UK. There are such a large number of individuals with various societies that don't pick grains as their first decision for breakfast; rather they have their own dietary patterns. Accordingly, it is significant for the makers in the basic food item market to comprehend the requirements of the whole populace and meet them. Besides, grocery store own-image items have increased a great deal of prominence as a result of the financial downturn. As customers have constrained spending power, they incline toward spending on a less expensive item that permits them to get similar advantages. 4.4 Technological In the present mechanical age, everybody, from individual to professionalâ interaction, is profoundly dependent on innovation. Along these lines, innovative advances are significant for the turn of events and upkeep of business culture. Advances in innovation have permitted the basic food item industry to develop. An amazing model is the downfall of Blockbuster, who was hesitant to investigate online choices, and their subsequent refusal to purchase Netflix and to adjust to changing patterns lead to their insolvency and last conclusion on January 14, 2014. Online shopping for food holds 11% of the circulation channels of the UK basic food item market and forecasts recommend online deals in the US will develop by 15% in 2014 to  £189.3 billion, while in Europe, deals are required to ascend by 18% to  £131.2 billion. Web based shopping has helped individuals go through their day all the more proficiently and decreased the exertion of conveying overwhelming basic food item sacks. Innovative advances at the market has added to increasingly proficient client support and loading endeavors. The appropriation of Electronic Point of Sale (EPoS), Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTPoS) and electronic scanners have incredibly improved the effectiveness of dispersion and loading exercises, with needs being imparted nearly progressively to the provider (Finch, 2004). Gadgets, for example, the self-checkout machine and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have allowed the basic food item industry to develop and oblige clients in a powerful manner. 5.0 Description of item explicit market 5.1 Main rivals The main grain brands and the greatest contenders of Bokomo oats in the UK are Kellogg’s and Weetabix, announced Companies&Markets (2013). Kellogg’s showed up in the UK in 1922 and from that point forward has kept up its situation in the market, by concentrating on advancement and extension of their items. In 2012, it had 32% of significant worth offer, driving in the UK oat advertise offering a wide scope of items. Throughout the years, Kellogg’s has extended to more than 180 nations on the planet and has around 39 brands of grains. Weetabi

10 Amazing Fantasy Novels You Need to Read Now

10 Amazing Fantasy Novels You Need to Read Now From feminist fantasy to African mythology to Muslim writers inspired by ancient Arabia, weve compiled a list of some amazing (and wonderfully diverse) fantasy novels you need to read if you love the genre. Many on this list are new authors who have recently published their debut fantasy novel, or established authors who have made it to the New York Times Bestsellers list with a fresh foray into fantasy after publishing in other genres.Whether youre looking for a coming-of-age Young Adult fantasy story or an old-school dive into the Dungeons Dragons universe, there should be something on this list just right for your tastes. New fantasy authors are subverting and reinventing the genre, opening up a golden age in fantasy writing, so happy reading!New fantasy authors are subverting and reinventing the genre, opening up a golden age in fantasy writing. Photo by Matteo Kutufa on Unsplash.The Womens War by Jenna GlassPraised as an epic feminist fantasy for the #MeToo era, The Womens War is Jenna Glasss debut fantasy novel and is the tale of a revolutionary spell that gives women the ability to control their own fertility. Set in neighboring kingdoms ruled by kings and noblemen, the tale offers imaginative worldbuilding coupled with magic that only women can wieldâ€"magic which threatens to tear down the patriarchal structure in which women are nothing more than property and bargaining chips. When a young disinherited daughter of a king and a widowed mother of two adolescent children discover it, their world and experience as women will never be the same.Getting Wilde By Jenn StarkAs the first book in the 11-volume Immortal Vegas series, Jenn Starks Getting Wilde has been praised by critics as hilarious, sexy, and thrillingly high action. This urban fantasy series follows Sara Wilde, a magical artifacts hunter and rescuer of young psychics being sold on the black market. With the help of a Tarot deck, she helps clients find thingsâ€"magical things, in fact. When a n ew job offers her a big payday, the stakes include breaking into the Vatican and getting too close for comfort to the Devil.Enter Saras most mysterious client, the wickedly sexy Magician, with a job that could yield the ultimate payday. All shell have to do is get behind Vatican walls... and steal the Devil himself. Complete with an ancient and mysterious magical Council, militant forces seeking to destroy all magic, demigods, twisting catacombs and Rome and Vegas rowdy nightlife, Sara confronts the underworld of magic in an exciting read that is hard to put down.We Hunt the Flame by Hafsah FaizalJust released this month, Hafsah Faizals debut fantasy novel, We Hunt the Flame, is hailed as lyrical and spellbinding and Paste Magazine listed it in its Top 10 Most Anticipated YA Novels of 2019. With its inspiration drawn from ancient Arabia, We Hunt the Flame tells the story of Zafira, a huntress who disguises herself as a man while braving cursed forests and feeding her people with her kills.Living in the same kingdom is a young man known as the Prince of Death, who carries out assassinations for anyone who defies his father, the sultan, and whose compassionate nature must be hidden beneath a brutal exterior and family expectations. As war brews and danger finds them both, these young characters seek an ancient, magical artifact to achieve different aims. Its a story of bravery, self-revelation, and identity set in a lush world full of magic and mystery.Perfekt Order (The Ære Saga) (Volume 1) by S.T. BendePerfekt Order by S.T. Bende is another YA fantasy should be on your list of must-read books, especially if you enjoy witty, well-rounded characters and Norse mythology. It tells the story of seventeen-year-old Mia Ahlström, an engineering student at Redwood State University, who meets an arrogant, overprotective Tyr Fredriksen at her first college party. But Tyr is not what he seemsâ€"or rather, is much more than he seems. Hes actually the Norse God of War, on Earth to protect a valuable Asgardian treasure, and Mia, too, if shell let him. The repartee in this book make it a fast, fun read.Empire of Sand (The Books of Ambha) by Tasha SuriTasha Suris debut fantasy novel, Empire of Sand, tells the story of Mehr, an illegitimate yet privileged daughter born to a nobleman father and magical, nomadic mother who she never knew. Inheriting her mothers magical gifts of controlling the dreams of the gods, Mehr captures the attention of the Emperors mystics, who persuade her to use her magic to help build the Empire. This Mughal India-inspired novel contains a darkly woven story that is as original as it is impressive, prompting one reviewer to state, I am beginning to think that we are at a new golden age of fantasy literature.A Darker Shade of Magic: A Novel by V.E. SchwabVictoria V.E. Schwab is a #1 New York Times bestselling author of more than a dozen books and the first book in her Shades of Magic trilogy, A Darker Shade of Magic, is arguably her writing at its best. Lyrically compelling and haunting, A Darker Shade of Magic tells the story of Kell, a magician and smuggler with a rare ability to travel between parallel Londons defined by a colorâ€"Red, Grey, White, and Black. Each London has a varying relationship with magic, and those who practice it, and the book is equal parts fantasy, romance, inter-dimensional travel, and adventure combined with a strong female character who is intriguing from the start.Perdido Street Station by China MiévilleHaving won both the Arthur C. Clarke Award and the British Fantasy Award, China Miéville, London-based author of Perdido Street Station, knows how to use equal parts magic and science to build fantastical worlds that are not for the faint of heart. For this novel, he weaves a dystopian society beneath towering ribs of an ancient beast, and inhabitants of it that include both humans and arcane races in a steam-punk inspired, cross-species filled setting. The main character is Isaac, a scientist who conducts experiments for a half-bird/half-human entity, and feeds a growing caterpillar hallucinogenic drugs only to soon discover its true, horrific intent. This novel includes gore, sex, immoral experimentation, and technobabble, but offers plenty for fantasy-lovers to digest (pun intended).The God Catcher by Erin M. EvansIf you are a fan of Dungeons Dragons, you should add The God Catcher by Erin M. Evans to your fantasy reading list. Set in the City of Splendors, part of the Forgotten Realms created by Ed Greenwood, this is a coming-of-age story about Tennora, a bookish yet renegade young lady who desperately wants to be a wizard. She finds the opportunity upon meeting Clytemorrenestrix, who claims to be a dragon, only to later be warned that the dragon woman is not all she claims to be. In fact, shes dangerous, and Tennoras life could be in peril by participating in her malevolent plans.Black Leopard, Red Wolf (The Dark Star Trilogy) by Marlon JamesBlac k Leopard, Red Wolf by Jamaican-born Marlon James is the first novel in Jamess Dark Star trilogy, combining African mythology and history with unforgettable and fantastical adventure. It is a non-linear narrative revealing the story of Tracker, noted for his hunting skills, who is hired to find a boy who disappeared three years ago. He finds himself in the company of a diverse group of unusual characters with the same purpose in mind, one of which is a shape-shifting man-animal known as Leopard. Questioning who is telling the truth and why the young boy is being sought after so desperately, Tracker learns that theres much more to life than his usual, solitary lifestyle.Empty Monsters (The Books of Oreyn) by Cat HellisenCat Hellisens Empty Monsters is a coming-of-age tale of family expectations and finding ones own path as much as it is about the family were born into versus the family we choose. After discovering a magical lineageâ€"the very lineage his family has sworn to rid the w orld of for generationsâ€"the main character, Aden, immerses himself in an experience that he was once taught to fear. In doing so, he learns a truth about who the real monsters are and his role in their collective story. One reviewer notes, This isnt your typical swashbuckling, sword-and-sorcery style fantasy. Its quiet and introspective, more character study than adventure.

The Cheese and the Worms Book Review Essay - 1686 Words

The Cheese and the Worms Book Review The rise of literacy towards the end of the Middle Ages brought with it a torrent of individuals ready to think fro themselves and formulate their own theories and ideas regarding God and the Christian faith. For a long time, the church held a near monopoly on literacy and used this to maintain control over people’s lives and beliefs. While some of these new intellectuals created ideas that would forever change the way people envision themselves and their relation to God and the universe, some simply patched together tidbits of ideas that were not born out of deep philosophical inquiry, but had more of an instinctive type of logical grounding. This was the line of thinking that made up Domenico†¦show more content†¦He describes this as being analogous to cheese forming out of milk. (Ginzburg, 5-6) He argued that a mass formed out of the four elements: fire, earth, water and air. From this universal mass came forth God and the angels, much like sprung forth from the cheese, in accordance with the beliefs of the time. Added to his non-standard beliefs was his assertion that When confronted about these ideas, Menocchio, strangely, responds in different ways and uses different, seemingly incompatible excuses. In some parts, he claims that these beliefs came from his mind alone, and that, while he is a blasphemer, blasphemy is good and useful. It is what he is meant for in a sense, like how a carpenter is meant to work with wood. He also, in some instances, claimed that he was being plagued by a devil and begged for forgiveness. These words were not his own, but he desired help from the church to overcome the devil’s grasp on him and mercy for what he had said. When it became clear that he would not be able to escape this round of inquisitions, he let loose all of his blasphemous beliefs. Eventually, these statements led to his being burned at the stake for the crime of heresy against the church. In the book, Ginzburg does more than just state the events as they transpired; he analyzes the possible ways in which Mennochio may have come to the conclusion of his new religious belief. Ginzburg investigates the possible origins forShow MoreRelatedEssay about An Argument in Defense of Historian Carlo Ginzburg1303 Words   |  6 Pagescase with the peasant class of medieval Europe. Italian historian Carlo Ginzburg, in an attempt to better understand the cultural attitudes of medieval peasants, takes on an innovative and controversial task in The Cheese and the Worms. The Cosmos of a Sixteenth Century Miller. The book is centered on a curious sixteenth century miller named Menocchio and his interactions with the Inquisitorial board while on trial for heresy. 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I am going to review the components of balanced diet for children in ECCE setting and to create the daily menu for the 2 years old , vegetarian child in full day care setting. I am going to investigate the indoor and outdoor safety in ECCE setting. I am going to familiariseRead MoreHealth, Safety and Welfare in Ecce Setting19648 Words   |  79 Pagesam going to research the legal requirements related to the ECCE setting, for example: child-staff ratios, health and safety policies etc. I am going to outline the factors that contribute to the overall well-being of the children. I am going to review the components of balanced diet for children in ECCE setting and to create the daily menu for the 2 years old , vegetarian child in full day care setting. I am going to investigate the indoor and outdoor safety in ECCE setting. I am going to familiariseRead MoreSea Syllabus9016 Words   |  37 Pagesthe farmer and the people in the community. 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Parenting Styles And Their Effects On Children - 1572 Words

Parenting Styles and Their Effects on Children Parents play a key role in their children’s lives, including supervision, involvement, love, support, comfort, and a wide variety of discipline and punishment. The relationship between parenting styles and child is vital and impacts the child’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Parenting involves two dimensions, demandingness and responsiveness sometimes referred to as control and warmth. With the use of these dimensions four parenting styles have been established; authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged. Additionally these different parenting styles have various effects on children including academics and prosocial behavior. To begin, there are two dimensions involved in parenting. The first is demandingness also known as control, the degree to which parents require their children to obey set expectations and rules for behavior (Arnett Maynard, 2013). An example of this is having a set list of r ules for tasks to complete after the child returns from school and how often punishment is practiced when tasks aren’t completed. Responsiveness, or warmth, is the degree to which parents are sensitive to their child’s basic needs for compassion, love, and concern (Arnett Maynard, 2013). An example of this is how much a parent shows affection to their child or engage in joint activities involving high levels of enthusiastic praise and physical interaction. Next, the most two common parenting styles areShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles And Its Effects On Children Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesThere are four main parenting styles, these four include: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved/neglectful. The way in which parents ‘parent’ their children effect the children on how the child develops into an adult and it affects their cognitive development. 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Each style possesses its own different characteristics and each produce different psychological developments in children and adolescents. In order to understand the effects of parenting styles on a person’s psychological development, it is obligatory we consider how a particular parenting style affectsRead MoreDiana Baumrind s Effect Of Parenting Styles On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesDiana Baumrind’s effect of parenting styles on children Baumrind was born into a Jewish community in the New York’s Jewish enclaves. She was the first two daughters of Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Diana, the eldest in an extended family of female cousins, inherited the role of eldest son, which allowed her to participate in serious conversations about philosophy, ethics, literature, and politics. She completed her B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy at Hunter College in 1948, and her M.A. and Ph.D. in

Education Is the Most Powerful Weapon Which You Can Use Free Essays

Education is that plan that will improve living. Abraham Moscow said, Self actualization is the ultimate goal that man desires , then. Education is the best way to transform one s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Education Is the Most Powerful Weapon Which You Can Use or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discovering who you are. Breaks all form of depression, anxiety and low self-esteem. It gives you that hope to keep pushing on, knowing you will become a medical doctor. Astronaut, leaver. President, banker and so on, There are many problems in our world today, we as youth need to break Out Of Our shell, move away from Our comfort zone and bring Out that wonderful idea. Rite great books, Sing songs, invent devices that will be a blessing to mankind. True education ignites one s spirit to bring a positive change. Even Nelson Mandela knew the importance Of education that Why he Said, education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world . Imagine if Mandela had no education, would he be able to change his country. In a country like ours where there are many cultural and tribal diversities, education is the connecting factor. Education in Nigeria is in a state of dilemma, strike by teachers and lecturers, poor facilities In our schools. This has made many youths to use their potentials for wrong purposes. O switch on your TV and radio set. Sad news Is what s see and hear, youths involved In arm robbery, oil There s always way out, we all have a parts to play, to end this consternating problems. The youths, governments, parent’s. Reels. Us leaders, teachers and lecturers. Parent’s should support the youths in their choc. E of career or what they love doing. The Nigerian government needs to make policies, provide funds and facilities that will revive the poor state of our education system. All teachers should be passionate in their job and keep all selfish desires away. We the youths have the biggest part to play, we should take all opportunity to learn, so as to use our potentials to create a positive change. In conclusion. Education is what we all need as youths to improve on yourselves. Cre ate ideas, and boost your talents. Learn new things. Remember that your potential is for positivist and not negativity. It all in your hands. Stay positive, dream big, be creative, be original. Be yourself. Use what you learn everyday as a tool to change your society, Nigeria and the world. Education Is the Most Powerful Weapon Which You Can Use to Change the Worldliness Mandela By Kamikaze From time past till now, man has always searched for some form of knowledge and skill. He has observed his environment, seen problems and improve his world. People say, education is the key to success , be it formal or informal. Changing the world is never an easy Job, but it all begins with that little step you take. Education comes from observation; you see a problem as an Abraham Moscow said, Self actualization is the ultimate goal that man desires , then, education is the best way to transform one s life. Discovering who you are, breaks all pushing on, knowing you will become a medical doctor, astronaut, lawyer, president, banker and so on. There are many problems in our world today, we as youth need to break out of our shell, move away from our comfort zone and bring out that wonderful idea, write great books, sing songs, invent devices that will be a blessing to Mandela knew the importance of education that why he Said, education is the most in Nigeria is in a state of dilemma, strike by teachers and lecturers, poor facilities in you switch on your TV and radio set, sad news is what is see and hear, youths involved in arm robbery, oil theft,terrorism,prostitution,fraud. There is always way governments, parent’s, religious leaders, teachers and lecturers. Parent’s should support the youths in their choice of career or what they love doing, the Nigerian poor state of our education system. All teachers should be passionate in their Job change. In conclusion, education is what we all need as youths to improve on yourselves, create ideas, and boost your talents. Learn new things. Remember that dream big, be creative, be original, be yourself. Use what you learn everyday as a tool How to cite Education Is the Most Powerful Weapon Which You Can Use, Papers

Geographic Segmentation Systems and Methods - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Geographic Segmentation Systems and Methods. Answer: Introduction The Hyundai Motor Company is a South Korean Multinational automotive manufacturing company. Its headquarters is situated in Seoul, South Korea. The company was founded in 1967 and since then, they have made their presence in various parts of the globe. The company is known as the third largest vehicle manufacturing brand in the globe and deals in various segments of cars. As per the case study, Hyundai Motor Company has planned to launch a small SUV brand in Australian market in the name of Kona. The Kona brand appeared in Hyundai dealerships accompanied by a high visibility marketing communications campaign. Management of the organization decided to launch Kona in the Australian market by reviewing their past performance in Australia. Company has a significant sales and market share in Australian Consumer Passenger Vehicle Market. In relation with the successful launch of the new car in the target market, promotional campaign will be discussed in this report. Marketing objectives, p rimary competitors of the organization, target market of the organization, USPs of the car, etc. elements related with the marketing and promotion will be discussed in this report so that the launching of the car would be done in an effective manner (Hyundai Motor Company, 2018). As per the case study, Hyundai Motor Company has decided to launch a small SUV in the Australian market in order to expand their customer base in the small city cars market. Primary objective behind launching small SUV car is to expand its market share in the Australian market along with increasing their sales. Kona has been launched to develop a distinctive image in the market and for making their product unique from its primary competitors. Hyundais new small segment SUV is a five seater car along with the seating capacity; it has a large cabin and boot space through which outstation trips could easily be planned. Apart from these features, the new SUV has been launched in both manual and automatic variants along with the option in diesel and petrol variant. While comparing this car with its competitor cars in this segment, Kona has been found has the most reliable and strongest product. With the help of this car, organization has planned to cross the 1 million new car sales in one year after its launching date (Hyundai Motor Company, 2018). Marketing objectives Organization has launched Kona with the view to acquire a large part of the market share in terms of small city cars. While in the initial period, organizational main objectives will be spreading awareness amongst the target audience in relevance with the cars unique features, specifications and other advantages. Apart from this, organizational main objective behind launching this car is to reach to the target sale of 1 million new cars in one year after its launching. Increase in the customer base in the first three months after the cars launching is another major objective of Hyundai (Jo You, 2011). Along with the increase in the demand for the car and increase in the market share in the target market, organizational other marketing objectives linked with this car is customer acquisition, retention and gaining competitive advantage in the market (Armstrong, et. al., 2015). Hyundai Konas primary competitors are Honda HR-V, Mazda CX and Mitsubishi ASX. From the above figure, it could be evaluated that in all aspects, Hyundai Kona is far better than its competitors. With the help of this, organization will be able to attain adequate competitive advantage in the target market along with developing a unique image in the target market. Hyundai Kona comes with packed technology that helps the driver to control the car and be on track while being connected. With features like the Head-Up Display that has never been seen in Hyundais SUV range, the Kona is a small SUV designed for todays hyper connected world (Hyundai Motor Company, 2018). Target market In relation with determining the most appropriate target market for the newly launched small SUV in the market, it is necessary to use segmentation strategy. Segmentation strategy is used for dividing a huge market into small groups with the objective of analysing the most appropriate market from the organizational perceptive in relation with the particular product. As per the case study, Hyundai is launching small SUV in the Australian market with the objective of enhancing its market share in small city cars market. For analysing the target market for newly launched Kona, it is necessary for the organization to evaluate all segments of the target market (Lee, Kozlenkova Palmatier, 2015). Demographic segment of the segment criteria defines that people are classified on the basis of their age, income, gender, family size, etc. Psychographics are classified on the basis of unique personalities, traits, attitudes, interest and lifestyles (George, et. al., 2018). Apart from these two types of segmentation, geographic are classified on the basis of nationality, country, city, etc. The last one is behavioural segmentation and in this category, people fall down who purchase products on the basis of consumer buying behaviour. In relation with the small SUV car, organization could use demographics behavioural types of segmentation strategies for approaching towards their target audience (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). Hyundai will focus over young people below age 35 for promoting their new small SUV Kona in the Australian market. This is because this car is designed by considering the two most basic features i.e. fun and safety and with the help of these features, organization will easily approach to its target audience and the car has also been designed by considering the choices of young people. Hyundai Motor Company has launched small SUV car with the objective of increasing the companys market share in the small city cars market along with gaining competitive advantage in the Australian market. In relation with this, positioning statement for Kona is Live more Vibrant Life. With the help of this, organization will be able to make a separate image in the target market by providing unique features along with advanced specifications and safety measures to the target audience at reasonable prices. This will help the organization to uplift its sales and the objective of achieving to the 1 million new cars sales in one year will also be acquired easily (Hofmann-Wellenhof, Lichtenegger Collins, 2012). Unique selling proposition Technological features of Kona are advanced enough to make its distinct and better image from the companys cars in the same segment. Along with this, advanced safety measures has also been fitted in the car because the most two important things in a car is fun and safety. The Kona has been built by fulfilling both the expectation because it is fun to drive along with modern safety features including Hyundai SmartSense technology. Apart from this, Hyundai also offers complimentary first service at 1,500 km; Hyundai offers Australias highest levels of ongoing support and care in our iCare program (Hyundai Motor Company, 2018). For communicating with the target audience, organization has adopted various advertisement and promotional strategies. In these strategies, primary message which will be communicated to the target audience is the positioning statement of the organization i.e. Live a more Vibrant Life (Gurin, et. al., 2013). Hyundai is engaged in the automotive industry since a very long time and they have gained a reputed position in the industry along with the high trustworthiness amongst the customers. This is the first time; Hyundai has entered into small SUV market with the objective of increasing their market share in the small city cars market (Hyundai Motor Company, 2018). Non-digital media platforms In relation with spreading awareness amongst the target audience about the specification and the features of the car for the purpose of promotion and advertisement, organization could use various strategies such as print medium of promotion, digital medium as well as through special events. Amongst the print mediums, the most popular range of mediums which could be used by the organization for promoting their newly launched car are TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, etc. (Chaffey Ellis-Chadwick, 2016). Hyundai will implement mixture of print as well as digital medium of advertisement and promotion for promoting their newly launched small SUV in the target market. Amongst the available techniques, social media platforms like email marketing will be majorly used for promotion of the new car. Apart from this, organization could also promote their new car through trending strategy of sponsorship of special events. In terms of digital mediums of promotion and advertisement, organization could use their official site for providing appropriate information in relevance with the new small SUV car along with this; social media platforms could also be used as it is the most trending strategy for uplifting the demand of the newly launched products as well as for uplifting sales. Communications objectives Objective behind communicating with the target audience is to spread awareness amongst the about the newly launched product. Along with this, it is also necessary to solve customers queries related to any concern about the product. Apart from this, taking feedbacks about the product is another major communication objective of the organization (Lipsman, et. al., 2012). Hyundais communication objectives are to spread awareness amongst the target audience in relation with the launching of the new car. Along with this, organizational other objectives are to provide sufficient information to the target audience in relevance with the specifications, features and the USPs of the car. This will help the organization to develop better customer relations. Along with the introduction of small SUV car in the target market, pricing objectives are increasing sales and profitability of the organization. In relation to this, organization has adopted cost leadership strategy with the objective of providing unique design and advanced features at reasonable rates to the target audience. By adaptation of the cost leadership strategy, organizational main motive is to acquire large part of the market as well as to uplift their and revenues and profitability so that the desires sales objectives could be attained. With the help of cost leadership strategy, organization would be able to make their separate image in the market. Competitive advantage in the market will also be attained easily in the market. This also helps the organization to develop a unique image amongst the target audience in relevance with the competitors. Value proposition of Hyundai Kona is that it is an advanced technology based small SUV with adequate safety measures. This helps the organization to make their car unique and effective as compared to its competitors (Nagle, Hogan Zale, 2016). Conclusion From the aforesaid information, it can be concluded that Hyundai has planned to enter into small city cars market and for the same objective; the very first car they have launched is Kona which is a small SUV. This car has all specifications which are necessary for fulfilling the basic two requirements about the car i.e. fun with safety. In this report, its promotional campaign have been discussed under which communication objectives of the organization and the mediums used for promoting the new car in the Australian market have been discussed. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Chaffey, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F., 2016.Digital marketing. Prentice Hall. George, W.B., Smith, K.G., Hansen, I.M., Aurigemma, P. and Sandquist, C.J., Adobe Systems Inc, 2018.Geographic segmentation systems and methods. U.S. Patent 9,860,148. Gurin, C., Reignier, J., Richard, J.C., Beuret, P., Gacouin, A., Boulain, T., Mercier, E., Badet, M., Mercat, A., Baudin, O. and Clavel, M., 2013. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.New England Journal of Medicine,368(23), pp.2159-2168. Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H. and Collins, J., 2012.Global positioning system: theory and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Hyundai Motor Company, 2018. Kona [online]. Available at: https://www.hyundai.com.au/cars/suvs/kona. [Accessed 29th March 2018]. Jo, H.J. and You, J.S., 2011. Transferring production systems: an institutionalist account of Hyundai motor company in the United States.Journal of East Asian Studies,11(1), pp.41-74. Lee, J.Y., Kozlenkova, I.V. and Palmatier, R.W., 2015. Structural marketing: Using organizational structure to achieve marketing objectives.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,43(1), pp.73-99. Lipsman, A., Mudd, G., Rich, M. and Bruich, S., 2012. The power of like: How brands reach (and influence) fans through social-media marketing.Journal of Advertising research,52(1), pp.40-52. Nagle, T.T., Hogan, J. and Zale, J., 2016.The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: New International Edition. Routledge. Wedel, M. and Kamakura, W.A., 2012.Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media.

Animal Cells Essays - Organelles, Cell, Endoplasmic Reticulum

Animal Cells ANIMAL CELLS My cell is the animal cell It really depends on which cell you are talking about - different cells do different things. Such as skin cells. They form a barrier on the outside of the body which protects the organs and tissues inside. It stops them getting damaged by bumps and knocks and also prevents bacteria and viruses from getting into your body. The cells structure, contains the Cell Membrane keeping the cell together and controlling what substances go in and out, Cytoplasm is the water-rich matrix within a cell that contains and surrounds the other cell contents. Nucleolus is a small region that is made up of RNA and protiens,it also produces ribosomes. Mitochondria burns food molecules to release energy. This energy is used by cells to do work. This work may be building new molecules which have a particular function in the body, or it may be to produce movement. Ribosomes are often attached along the length of the ER. These manufacture proteins which pass into the i nner part of the tube they might have sugars of fats added and they fold up into the shape they need to be to carry out their function. Rough and Smoth ER. is the sythesis of proteins or transportation materials through the cell Rough ER is rought because ribosomes are stuck to its surface which gies it a rough apperance. New protiens are inserted into the rougth ER there they may be chenimcaly modified. the Smooth ER are sacks that look smooth and are not studded in which chemicals and enzymes are stored.Goli Apparatus modifies and collects and distributes molecules made at one end of the cell and used in another. Lysosomes are bags of destructive enzymes which are produced by the cell to break down complex molecules. Vacuoles are sack that store water,salts, proteins and carbohydrates.Centriole is a structure that comains microtubule protein called tubulin.cytoskeloten is a web of fibres which provide a sort of scaffolding for the cell, keepings its shape and supporting the organe lles which are inside. Cell Wall help protect the the cell from what is outside of the cell and also supports the cell. I hoped you learned alot about the animal cell I enjoyed learning about it and wish that I could of spent more time on the project and it is also amazing that we started life being no bigger than a period on this report. And that how important cells are to our life. Science

Free Essays on Various Topics

1. Discuss the Characteristics of Developing Nations Some of the first things that come to mind when the term ‘developing nation’ is used are; backward, third-world, primitive, poverty, disease, unfortunate, and sheltered. All societies at one time or another in their existence were, in fact, considered developing nations, some develop at a faster pace than others and some seem rather stagnant in growth. There are many explanations as to why this occurs, the main determinants being cultural beliefs, including family life and ties, and economical and political ideals. Individually as well as geographically, people, tribes, families, and villages in developing, or traditional, societies are extremely distant. The text sites the main areas of deficiency in these particular societies; isolation, illiteracy, and distrust. With the lack of integration with others outside of their own group, it makes it impossible to have any differing beliefs brought about and in turn, different languages and cultures as well. You can see how this can cause a problem when one is finally faced with someone from a surrounding tribe. All of their life they have been taught that there is no other way than the way they are living, then they are blindsided with other languages and beliefs that they are not prepared to comprehend. This poses a problem for individual groups who reside in an area where there are other groups live nearby, and share a common ground of some sort for hunting or recreation of some sort, it can be a major cause of conflict. It is also noted that the combination of these issues has a snowballing result that follows; there is at first an inability to communicate with one another, which in turn brings suspicion, distrust, and detachment, which in turn brings further isolation, and causes the cycle to repeat itself over and over again. A vital makeup of life in a developing nation is a tribe or a village. Tribes are primari... Free Essays on Various Topics Free Essays on Various Topics 1. Discuss the Characteristics of Developing Nations Some of the first things that come to mind when the term ‘developing nation’ is used are; backward, third-world, primitive, poverty, disease, unfortunate, and sheltered. All societies at one time or another in their existence were, in fact, considered developing nations, some develop at a faster pace than others and some seem rather stagnant in growth. There are many explanations as to why this occurs, the main determinants being cultural beliefs, including family life and ties, and economical and political ideals. Individually as well as geographically, people, tribes, families, and villages in developing, or traditional, societies are extremely distant. The text sites the main areas of deficiency in these particular societies; isolation, illiteracy, and distrust. With the lack of integration with others outside of their own group, it makes it impossible to have any differing beliefs brought about and in turn, different languages and cultures as well. You can see how this can cause a problem when one is finally faced with someone from a surrounding tribe. All of their life they have been taught that there is no other way than the way they are living, then they are blindsided with other languages and beliefs that they are not prepared to comprehend. This poses a problem for individual groups who reside in an area where there are other groups live nearby, and share a common ground of some sort for hunting or recreation of some sort, it can be a major cause of conflict. It is also noted that the combination of these issues has a snowballing result that follows; there is at first an inability to communicate with one another, which in turn brings suspicion, distrust, and detachment, which in turn brings further isolation, and causes the cycle to repeat itself over and over again. A vital makeup of life in a developing nation is a tribe or a village. Tribes are primari...

International Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Security - Essay Example The conflict between Israel and Palestine is mainly facilitated by the religious disparity seen in the region with the Palestine being Arabs and the Israeli people being Jewish Christians. This essay will look at the international security situation in Israel while referring to the information from the various wars and conflicts between the country and other nations, the internal conflicts that have lasted for years and the role played by various countries in either assisting or resisting its attacks on other countries (Slater, 2006). Israel has been in conflict with Egypt, Jordan and also with Palestine with the peace talks and reconciliation process yielding little despite the effort that has been put by the international bodies to end the conflicts. The conflicts have been due to border issues and the control of fertile areas, the failure to recognize some people and regions and the control of Jerusalem and certain Israeli settlements. One of the most enduring conflicts in the history of Israel is the one with Palestine. This can be dated back to about one hundred years ago with the same arising from the right to own the land between the Eastern Shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan. The Palestinians who are few and less armed when it comes to military empowerment have witnessed about one hundred years of suppression and occupation of the land which they considered as theirs by the Israelis. The suffering and loss that has been caused by the occupation of the land has led to their fight to be recognized as a state with their struggles having little fruits to be seen. The Jews on the other hand refer to the land they have been fighting for as the land of their fore fathers and so it is their rightful inheritance that should be given to them without much fighting or conflict. Having a two state solution has been one of the options that has been proposed to

Fashion brand Feedback Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fashion brand Feedback - Essay Example The paper "Fashion brand Feedback" is the feedback on Fashion brand. Consistency - When consumers come back to a business for repeat sales, they usually expect to receive the same level of quality as they did the first time. For this season, our existing client reported the collection is too Asian, and therefore, different from the collection they bought last season. Uniqueness- Although the collection has the targeted design, some clients love the golden jacket and golden dress, while some other clients love white long dress. After removing the characters, we still learnt from our clients that some of our pieces have little differences from the collections of our competitors. But most of clients feel that it is better to remove the Japanese characters from the collection. Generally, The designs are interesting in terms of shape, lengths, and volumes, but some of the models like the jumpsuit are not appreciated by the clients; this is because the pieces look easy to wear, but they ar e hard to sell. Color schemes used for this season are black, white and gold; these colors work well than other colors. The buyers complain that the price is higher than their budget; given that the pieces are not made in Italy, the client expects that the prices should be considerably lower. Another reason why the sales are low is that the brand is new and people have not got used to it; people are less likely to buy if the brand is emerging. For this reason, therefore, high price could make the brand less competitive.

Walmart: Internal and External Analysis

Walmart: Internal and External Analysis Founded in 1962 by Sam Walton, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is one of the pioneers of discount retailing, along with Kmart and Target. Wal-Mart in US has been solely responsible for selling 35 per cent of all pet food, 24 per cent of all toothpaste, the largest volume of jewellery, groceries, DVDs, CDs, toys, guns, diapers, sporting goods, bedding and much, much more (Ramaswamy, 2004 cited in Hanson, 2008, p. 580-581). The companys success has resulted in many constantly observing it for new wisdom on management and strategy. But the recent years proved to be challenging for Wal-Mart as analysts are doubtful of the companys ability to maintain the pace of growth that it has shown in the previous years. Wal-Mart has to face competition from big players like Carrefour, Metro and Tesco as well as new entrants such as Dollar General. Besides that, Wal-Mart has taken advantage of its massive base of power to force suppliers to do more for less. Employees are also dissatisfied with the companys lack of employee welfare. External Environment Wal-Mart is one of the major players in the retailer industry. It has its own store brands in addition to selling the national brands in US. Being the main retailer in US, it has garnered enough power to negotiate the prices with the suppliers. Recently, it has an image issue due to the lawsuits it is facing, the loss of jobs indirectly linked to it as well as the declaration of bankruptcy or the shutting down of many retailers and manufacturer. Sociological Factors The giant retailer has been accused of paying its employees as low as US$8.23 which amounted being below the federal poverty line for a family of three. The company has also been sued for forcing its employees to work overtime for free. Another lawsuit against Wal-Mart is about the discrimination of women in top management. While about 90 per cent of Wal-Mart associates are women, only 15 per cent are in the top management positions. It is also suggested that Wal-Mart may be hiring illegal immigrants in violation of the law. Ethical Factors Wal-Mart is such a powerful company that its decisions will have a direct impact on all its suppliers and might even result in them filing for bankruptcy or shutting down, causing thousands to lose their jobs. In an ethical way, the retailer does not weigh the consequences or try to reduce the impact as long as the decision is beneficial to itself. Industry Environment Potential Threats of Substitutes Small -scale retailers such as Dollar General which catered to the low-income customers are proving to be among the companies that Wal-Mart needs to be wary of. While the target market seems to be the fastest growing segments of the population in US, the suppliers are also generally satisfied working with Dollar General, as compared to Wal-Mart and its suppliers. Intensity of Rivalry (International Market) Penetrating into the international market has been quite difficult for Wal-Mart because it is not as powerful and reputable as it is in US, unlike the major international players such as Carrefour, Metro and Tesco. There are more competitors that Wal-Mart has to face in the international market. Competitor Current Strategies Competitors like Carrefour are using their longer experience in the international market to their advantage. Carrefour has been accused of leaning on suppliers to choke Wal-Marts supply lines. Another strategy Carrefour employs is to demonstrate a new variation of the Everyday Low Price where its employees are found in Wal-Marts parking lots to distribute fliers, showing price comparisons with the prices at Wal-Mart at an almost real-time basis. Assumptions Major retail players like Carrefour and Tesco believe that they have the upper-hand in the international market as they are more experienced and understand the markets better. Besides that, they already have established reputations among the suppliers and will be more credible as a retailer as compared to Wal-Mart. Internal Environment Reputation with Customers By providing low prices for customers especially those living in the rural areas, many are grateful that they can save up. In addition, Wal-Mart has become so powerful that it is able to sell well-known brands at lower prices and thus proving the superior value it brings to its customers. Capabilities Wal-Mart is equipped with first-hand information about consumer preference data by having suppliers to attach remote frequency devices (RFID) technology in all their packaging to track individual items sold in the store. To improve efficiency of all business transactions with the suppliers, Wal-Marts suppliers also have to an electronic data interchange (EDI) called Retail Link that will track all business transactions with the giant retailer. Core Competency In the recent years, most of the sales of more than 30,000 suppliers are done through Wal-Mart and this puts the retailer in a very favourable position for negotiation of the prices of the products. With great foresight about the retail industry, the company is always ahead of the rest especially in terms of efficiency and delivering its promise to its customers. Stakeholders of Wal-Mart Suppliers The suppliers have become over- reliant on Wal-Mart and need the retailer more than the retailer needs them. Thus when Wal-Mart is determining the prices and thus drawing out significant price concessions from its suppliers, they are willing to comply and absorb any additional prices to make the giant retailer appease. Besides that, the suppliers also have to meet the terms set by Wal-Mart, such as the automated technology demands to have the Retail Link for their business dealings with Wal-Mart and the RFID technology in all their packaging. Suppliers are also expected to show up just when they are needed in the case of deliveries as they will be due for payment for any delivery that they miss or delay. Employees Employees have sued Wal-Mart for numerous reasons, showing their dissatisfactions with the company. Wal-Mart has been accused of making the employees work overtime without any allowance, paying low wages and involved in unfair labour practice against women in separate occasions. SWOT (S)trengths Has its own logistics as well as its own trucks and a private satellite A systematic and controlled management practice with the suppliers First-hand data about customer preference, more insight into the target market (W)eaknesses Wal-Marts image problem where the supplier are intimidated by it Ignores price increase- resulted in the suppliers shutting down, be forced into a merger/ transfer the production overseas Indirectly linked to thousands losing their jobs (O)pportunities Wal-Mart as a willing teacher, constantly educating the suppliers with new technique to tackle cost control and efficiency more would be ready to work with it (T)hreats Unreliable employees because of how they are treated by Wal-Mart Upstart chains like Dollar General contesting Wal-Marts position in the US retail market Review of Present Situation Though Wal-Mart is a powerful retailer in US and around the world, it does not maintain a positive image with its suppliers and the public. It may be looked upon in cases where people analyse its success but people may remember the negative aspects of the company better. Recommendations Create a positive image of Wal-Mart To avoid being blamed for all the jobs lost when a supplier could not live up to Wal-Marts expectations, the retailer should try to such situations whenever it can. For example, it could compromise with a supplier regarding the prices of the stocks when the prices increase. Other than that, it can donate to charitable organisations as a way of showing that the retailer also cares and gives back to the society. Wal-Mart could also create a fund to aid jobless people until they get another job. Gain employees loyalty References Ramaswamy, K. (2004). Wal-Mart Stores Inc.: Dominating Global Retailing. In D. Hanson, P. J. Dowling, M. A. Hitt, R. D. Ireland R. E. Hoskisson (Eds.) Strategic Management: Competitiveness Globalisation (pp. 577-590). Australia: Cengage Learning Australia. Tsao, A. (2003, September 26). Wal-Marts Stock: No Bargain Here. BusinessWeek Online. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2003/nf20030929_9676_db014.htm What Influenced Georgian Style and its Features? What Influenced Georgian Style and its Features? Introduction Georgian style is a style in the architecture, interior design, and decorative arts of Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries. The term â€Å"Georgian† gets its name from four kings of England who reigned in Britain from 1714-1830. All of them were named George. (DesignIntuit, 2001) Although the George did not have an impact on the style, they perpetuated a movement that is different from the popular Italian and French Baroque style. â€Å"Georgian is a term usually associated in the popular mind with refined furniture, elegant clothes, buildings of deceptive simplicity, classical music, decorous prose, and country houses set in pleasing parks.† (Georgian Housestyle, Ingrid Cranfield). In essence, Georgian is not a style by itself, but an era during that many developments and changes happened in both architecture and interior design. (Worldguide, 2015) Early Georgian style: Influence of classicism Each architect or designer has his own ideas and individual approach. However, all of them had something common: they were heavily influenced by elements of ancient Rome and Greece. In other words, they were driven by the same motivated idea: to recreate the antique classical world. Classicism was considered as godlike: it reproduced the building blocks of God’s creation and the accords of nature. Furthermore, this (Georgian) period is defined as â€Å"an era of refined neoclassical trends†. (Worldguide, 2015) As it was mentioned earlier, the Georgian style was highly influenced by classicism. Young British aristocrats (including architects, designers and furniture makers) in the 17th and 18th centuries took the â€Å"Grand Tour† of European countries. These â€Å"Grand Tours† made the influential classes follow classical traditions of architecture and design. However, the Baroque used classical ornamentation and decor in a very open ended way. (David Ross, 2015) However, the British employed these motifs in an inflexible and calm way. (Worldguide, 2015) If Baroque is too much, Georgian classicism is a grace. Early Georgian style: Influence of Palladinism Besides classicism, there was another style that had a very strong impact on the Georgian style. It is a Palladinism, â€Å"a philosophy of design based on the writings and work of Andreas Palladio†. (David Ross, 2015) He is an Italian architect of the 16th century who recreated the design and proportions of the buildings of antique Rome. (Worldguide, 2015) Famous English architect Inigo Jones brought the Georgian style to Britain in the 17th century. (Worldguide, 2015) Palladinism was a significant factor in the early Georgian style. There was a proportion-based Palladian school of design that dominated British architecture from the mid-1720s to the early 1750s. It was rich and graceful, and there were Roman temple facades and pillars. In addition, a mathematical formulae was used for a building’s proportion. However, after 1750 (Dan Cruickshank, 2011) or from around 1760 (Worldguide, 2015), English architects James Stuart, Sir William Chambers and Scottish architect Robert Adam were exposed to a clearer style of classicism around Britain. They were inspired by the archaeological discoveries at Pompei and Herculanium. This new information about Greek and Roman architecture brought about a neoclassical revolution in taste. This emphasises on neoclassicism that became more widespread for design for the duration of the mid-Georgian period, which was until 1800 (Dan Cruickshank, 2011). Early Georgian style: Examples James Stuart One of the best examples of neoclassicism is James Stuart (1713-1788). He went on various â€Å"Grand Tours† of many European cities like other architects at that time. While he was studying in Greece, his work was inevitably influenced by clear Greek motifs. Due to these studies, he got the nickname â€Å"Athenian† Stuart. In addition, he published â€Å"Antiquities of Athens† in separate books from 1762. (Worldguide, 2015) On the picture below shows an example of his work: (St James’s Square, London) Sir William Chambers Sir William Chambers (1723-1796) is one of the architects representing the mid-Georgian period. He was born in Sweden to Scottish parents. His architectural practise was in London in the 1750s. Moreover, Sir William spent time in China, which gives an explanation why his neoclassicism was mixed with Chinese touches and elements. The name of the technique is known as chinoiserie, and it enjoyed modest popularity in Britain that time. He also showed Greek and Roman characteristics of French neoclassicism. (Worldguide, 2015) (Chinese Pagoda in Kew Gardens, London and Somerset House, London) Robert Adam One more example is Robert Adam (1728-1992). He was born in Fife, Scotland. He worked with his brother James on a style airier than the Palladian, using Egyptian and Gothic motifs with Roman decorations. His artworks were symmetrical but not as much as Palladian proportions. Furthermore, he was known to show motifs as â€Å"ribbons, wreaths, sphinx and griffins, ovals and hexagons etc†. This style was famous as the Adam style. (Worldguide, 2015) (Syon House, West London) Late Georgian style Late Georgian style is known as Regency and was popular during the reign of the British Prince Regent from 1811 to 1820. (The Editors of Britannica, 2015 and Worldguide, 2015) Actually, the Regency style recollected neoclassical elements, but it was opened more to Greek, Egyptian, Asian and French influences than it was before. This style is much heavier in ornamentation than earlier Georgian styles, and building facades were often covered with stucco plaster than noticeable brick. Moreover, interiors were more open and light, and windows became larger. In my personal opinion, the Regency style (Late Georgian style) is akin to a bridge between early Georgian design and approaching Victorian era. Henry Holland For instance, Henry Holland (1745-1806) was the most leading architect of the late Georgian period. (Worldguide, 2015) Holland’s designs was influenced by Roman, Greek and Egyptian forms and the Empire styles of late 18th century France as well. His style is simpler and more academic. (Sloane Street and Sloane Square, West London) Features of Georgian style Landscape There are many characteristics defining the Georgian period. One of the main features is terrace. The 18th century (David Ross, 2015) was a time of great success of urban developments. Houses had a public and private function. Unfortunately, it meant that there was a need to put a lot of houses into a small space. It lead to the creation of the terrace. The terrace allowed a whole street to have a sense of architectural completeness, also keeping small sizes of houses. Terraces used to take a few forms; typically laid out in straight lines or in quadrangles around a central garden area, or in curves or oval â€Å"circuses†. In addition, these developments gave birth of the townhouses practical housing built in lengthy, well-ordered terraces, which made boulevard look like neat architectural elements. (Worldguide, 2015) These townhouses were usually four levels in height and made of brick. However, during that period (18th century) the rich were increasingly wealthier and as a result, they began investing money into their households. Wealthy landlords used their huge land to create designed parks, and those parks were called â€Å"country houses†. (David Ross, 2015) These estates were full of reproductions of classical temples and additional architectural pieces: grottoes, bridges, and that group of fragments called â€Å"follies†. Basically, these parks carried on the classical philosophy. Architecture Furthermore, there are other common architectural elements, such as symmetrical form, classical entrances, glass fanlights, large four-sided rooms, sash windows, huge exterior symmetrical stairways, internal hall stairway, pediment door and geometric decorations. (DesignIntuit, 2001) Shape is a main significant feature of this style. The square is â€Å"prominent† (DesignIntuit, 2001), and shapes are classical. The foundation of Georgian proportion was usually geometrical, with the central block of the building â€Å"often augmented by hyphens and wings† (Wentworthstudio, 2015) Homes were only symmetrical. There was not usually an even number of windows (five across for house). This did not allow asymmetry around the middle window of the building. Sash windows –â€Å"panes divided by wooden bars† (Worldguide, 2015) – were common. In addition, windows were quadrilateral (DesignIntuit, 2001) and had the same width (Worldguide, 2015). However, their height was various from the first floor to the last one. Second floor windows were the tallest ones, while ground floor and third floor windows were shorter, and the windows on the top were almost four-sided. Every Georgian house door is groundwork and supported by monuments. (DesignIntuit, 2001) There was a window on the top of the door, and it was separated by a structure called a transom. (Worldguide, 2015) There was typically a hip roof, sometimes with dormers. It was very popular with Christopher Wren. Moreover, a more asymmetrical gable roof would be inappropriate at all. (Wentworthstudio, 2015) Interior design and decorative arts In the Georgian period, there was a significant rise in popularity with regards to interior decoration. (Britannica,2015) When you look at Georgian interiors, think about those architectural elements that are inside – large furnace and doorways, and well-balanced proportioned rooms. In addition to architecture and interior design, there were great achievements in the decorative arts. For instance, furniture design met many styles and approaches, ranging from the classical influence, to the straight and simple lines etc. Conclusion Sadly, that period could not last. Victorian morality transformed architecture and other designs because their idea was about adopting gothic style as a national one due to the fact that it was a native design for the Great Christian Empire of Britain. (Dan Cruickshank, 2011) To sum up, the Georgian period, especially architecture left many masterpieces and a variation of styles and ideas. Moreover, the cities and urban quarters created that time (Bath and Bloomsbury in London) are still models of comfortable urban living. Bibliography â€Å"Georgian Style†, David Ross, 2015 (http://www.britainexpress.com/architecture/georgian.htm) â€Å"The Georgian Style of British Colonial Annapolis†, DesignIntuit, 2001 (http://www.designintuit.com/issue0002/focus/ghistory.html) â€Å"The Georgian Era of Great Britain†, Worldguide, 2015 (http://www.worldguide.eu/wg/index.php?StoryID=148ArticleID=21368) â€Å"Georgian architecture: a classical re-education†, Dan Cruickshank, 2011 (http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/sep/11/georgian-architecture-british) â€Å"Historic styles: Georgian style†, Wentworthstudio, 2015 (http://www.wentworthstudio.com/historic-styles/georgian/) â€Å"Georgian architecture†, Britannica, 2015 (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230322/Georgian-style) 1 Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems: A Brief Overview Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems: A Brief Overview 1.1 Introduction to fast dissolving drug delivery system Fast dissolving drug delivery systems have rapidly gained acceptance as an important new way of administering drugs. There are multiple fast-dissolving OTC and Rx products on the market worldwide, most of which have been launched in the past 3 to 4 years. There have also been significant increases in the number of new chemical entities under development using a fast-dissolving drug delivery technology. Rapidly dissolving dosage forms have acquired great importance in the pharmaceutical industry because of their unique properties. Rapidly dissolving dosage forms are also called quick-dissolving delivery systems; quick-disintegrating, orally disintegrating, mouth dissolve dosage forms; or melt-in-mouth dosage forms. However, the function and concept of all these dosage forms are similar. In less than one minute, these dosage forms disintegrate or dissolve in the salivary fluids of the oral cavity, releasing the drug and inactive ingredients. Most of the drug is swallowed with the saliva where subsequent absorption takes place in the gastrointestinal tract. By definition, a solid dosage form that dissolves or disintegrates quickly in the oral cavity, without the need for the administration of water, is known as an oral fast-dissolving dosage form. Salient Features of Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System Ease of administration for patients who are mentally ill, disabled and uncooperative. Requires no water Quick disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form. Overcomes unacceptable taste of the drugs. Can be designed to leave minimal or no residue in the mouth after administration and also to provide a pleasant mouth feel. Allows high drug loading. Ability to provide advantages of liquid medication in the form of solid preparation. Adaptable and amenable to existing processing and packaging machinery Cost- effective [5-9]. 1.2 Characteristics of Fast Dissolving Delivery System [5] 1.2.1 Ease of administration Fast Dissolving Delivery Systems are easy to administer and handle hence, leads to better patient compliance. Usually, elderly people experience difficulty in swallowing the conventional dosage forms (tablets, capsules, solutions and suspensions) because of tremors of extremities and dysphasia. Fast Dissolving Delivery Systems may offer a solution for these problems. 1.2.2 Taste of the medicament As most drugs are unpalatable, mouth dissolving delivery systems usually contain the medicament in taste masked form. Delivery systems dissolve or disintegrate in patients mouth, thus releasing the active ingredients which come in contact with the taste buds and hence, taste masking of the drugs becomes critical to patient compliance. 1.2.3 Hygroscopicity Several fast dissolving dosage forms are hygroscopic and cannot maintain physical integrity under normal condition from humidity which calls for specialized product packaging [10].  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.2.4 Mouth feel Mouth feel is critical, and patients should receive a product that feels pleasant. Any large particles from the disintegrating tablet that are insoluble or slowly soluble in saliva would lead to an unpleasant gritty feeling. This can be overcome by keeping the majority of the particles below the detectable size limit. In some cases, certain flavors can imbibe an improved mouth feel perception, resulting in a product that is perceived as being less gritty, even if the only change is the flavor. Effervescence can be added to aid disintegration and improve mouth feel by reducing the dryness of a product [11, 12]. 2. Introduction to fast dissolving oral thin film. 2.1 Definition Thin film drug delivery is a process of delivering drugs to the systemic circulation via a thin film that dissolves when in contact with liquid, often referred to as a dissolving film or strip. Thin film drug delivery has emerged as an advanced alternative to the traditional tablets, capsules and liquids often associated with prescription and OTC medications. Similar in size, shape and thickness to a postage stamp, thin film strips are typically designed for oral administration, with the user placing the strip on or under the tongue or along the inside of the cheek. As the strip dissolves, the drug can enter the blood stream enterically, ducally or sublingually. The first commercial non-drug product to use thin films was the Listerine PocketPaks breath freshening strips. Since then, thin film products for other breath fresheners, as well as a number of cold, cough, flu and anti-snoring medications, have entered the marketplace. There are currently several projects in development that will deliver prescription drugs utilizing the thin film dosage form [13]. 2.2 Advantages of fast dissolving oral thin film The design of thin film, often referred to as Pharm Film, as an oral drug delivery technology offers several advantages over other modes of drug delivery, such as ingestible tablets, chewable tablets, orally dissolving tablets, softgels, liquids or inhalants[14]. The sublingual and buccal delivery of a drug via thin film has the potential to improve the onset of action, lower the dosing, and enhance the efficacy and safety profile of the medicament. All tablet dosage forms, softgels and liquid formulations primarily enter the blood stream via the gastrointestinal tract, which subjects the drug to degradation from stomach acid, bile, digestive enzymes and other first pass effects. As a result, such formulations often require higher doses and generally have a delayed onset of action. Conversely, buccal and sublingual thin film drug delivery can avoid these issues and yield quicker onsets of action at lower doses. Thin film is more stable, durable and quicker dissolving than other conventional dosage forms. Thin film enables improved dosing accuracy relative to liquid formulations since every strip is manufactured to contain a precise amount of the drug. Thin film not only ensures more accurate administration of drugs but also can improve compliance due to the intuitive nature of the dosage form and its inherent ease of administration. These properties are especially beneficial for pediatric, geriatric and neurodegenerative disease patients where proper and complete dosing can be difficult. Thin films ability to dissolve rapidly without the need for water provides an alternative to patients with swallowing disorders and to patients suffering from nausea, such as those patients receiving chemotherapy. Thin film drug delivery has the potential to allow the development of sensitive drug targets that may otherwise not be possible in tablet or liquid formulations. From a commercial perspective thin film drug delivery technology offers an opportunity to extend revenue lifecycles for pharmaceutical companies whose drug patent is expiring and will soon be vulnerable to generic competition. Advantages of Oral Thin Film Thin elegant film Convenient dosing Fast disintegration Enhance stability Quick dissolving Improve patient compliance Rapid release Life cycle management mucoadhesion Taste masking unobstructive No risk of choking Various sizes and shapes No water needed 2.3 Need for fast dissolving thin film drug development 2.3.1 Taste masking An important aspect of thin film drug delivery technology is the masking of the often bitter and poor taste of drug formulations[14].One method of taste-masking is encapsulation, the coating of drug particles with a polymeric covering sufficient to mask the taste of the drug particle while maintaining the ability to release the drug for absorption. Encapsulation is an efficient method for combining a high ratio of drug-to-non-drug elements in the taste-masked particle. Another method is the use of an ion exchange resin to bind the drug, forming a resinate that is less bitter than the drug alone. Shivang Chaudhary,final year M.S.Pharm student of Indian NAtional Institute of Pharmaceutical Education Research (NIPER) has formulated Taste masked Quick melting oral strip(QMOS) for quick onset of erection, in which they got success in bitter taste masking of sildenfil citrate via its inclusion complexation within B-Cyclodextrin by simple kneading method. 2.3.2 Drug content uniformity Drug content uniformity is a requirement for all dosage forms, particularly those containing low dose highly potent drugs. To uniquely meet this requirement, thin film formulations contain uniform dispersions of drug throughout the whole manufacturing process[15].Since this criteria is essential for the quality of the thin film and final pharmaceutical dosage form, the use of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) was recommended to follow the manufacturing process[16]. 2.3.3 Avoiding drug degradation Sensitive drugs may degrade over time in an aqueous environment. Thin film formulations must ensure that the integrity of the drug remains constant over time [17]. To overcome these challenges, developers of thin film have created highly specialized unique and often proprietary processes to deliver drugs on thin film [18]. 2.4 Functionality of oral thin film Pharmaceutical companies and consumers alike have embraced OTFs as a practical and accepted alternative to traditional OTC medicine forms such as liquids, tablets, and capsules. OTFs offer fast, accurate dosing in a safe, efficacious format that is convenient and portable, without the need for water or measuring devices [19]. OTFs are typically the size of a postage stamp and disintegrate on a patients tongue in a matter of seconds for the rapid release of one or more APIs. The formulation of dissolvable films is customarily facilitated through aqueous polymer matrices that span a wide molecular weight (MW) range, thereby providing flexibility to achieve certain physical properties. With the selection of appropriate polymer excipients, these properties can be tailored to meet specific API-loading needs and dissolution rates. To date, the commercial launch of OTFs is primarily in OTC products addressing therapeutic categories such as cough/cold, sore throat, and antacid/gas relief as well as a number of nutritional supplement applications [19]. In compliance with the appropriate monographs, current products deliver a specified API dose that is immediately released and ingested. Some drug forms are more easily used in OTFs than others (soluble versus non soluble), but we can expect API concentrations to increase as new OTF formulations are developed. The capabilities of the base technology to create dissolvable films continue to evolve. For example, a common misconception of the OTF format is that it is limited with regard to the loading capacity of APIs. Some researchers reference a limit of 30 mg of API content as the maximum concentration. A more accurate statement would be that OTFs have the capability to load APIs up to 50% of the unit dose mass, as demonstrated by Novartis Consumer Healths Gas-X thin film, which contains 62.5 mg of simethicone per dose [20]. Some drug substances may be absorbed more rapidly through the oral mucosal and esophageal tissues via OTF formats during ingestion. Because the drug enters directly into the bloodstream and avoids hepatic first-pass metabolism, bioavailability may be improved, and the drug can be administered in smaller doses. Smaller doses translate to fewer side effects and potentially improved patient compliance. Oral mucosal delivery via OTFs could become a preferential delivery method for therapies in which rapid absorption is desired, including those used to manage pain, allergies, sleep difficulties, and central nervous system disorders. Functional film properties controlled during manufacturing Thickness Width Drug concentration residual volatiles tensile strnth disintegration rates dissolution rates 2.5 oral thin film as Strategic therapeutic categories OTF formats can be considered for any therapeutic category in which an oral solid, liquid, or ODT format is currently offered. Ideal applications are those that use drug compounds that are potent and possess a narrow therapeutic range [21]. In addition, OTFs are proven to be a more beneficial platform for compromised populations such as children or the elderly where a quick, well-tolerated platform aids administration [22]. From a strategic standpoint, a group of therapeutic categories stand out as leading applications for the OTF format to expand beyond commercial OTC products on the market today (see sidebar, Strategic therapeutic categories for oral thin films). Development of a branded prescription OTF product for smoking cessation would set a precedent for the format, much like the launch of transdermal drug delivery patches for smoking cessation did in the 1990s. Strategic therapeutic categories for oral thin films Contraception Hormone replacement Pain management Allergy and asthama Nausea Central nervous system disorders Anti-inflammatory Gastro-intestinal Sleep aids Veterinary medicines and vitamins 3. Drugs availability in market as a film/strip The use of thin-film strips is of growing interest in the pharmaceutical sector following the success of Listerine PocketPaks ® in the United States. Thin-film strip technology uses a range of water-soluble polymers and is reported to be able to incorporate watersoluble, insoluble, or taste-masked ingredients. The film is manufactured as a continuous sheet and then cut into individual doses prior to packing. The major limitations to this technology are the relatively low doses that can be accommodated (approximately 30 mg) and its moisture sensitivity thus requiring specific unit-dose packaging to protect the product and ensure shelf life. Thin-film technology has primarily been used in over the- counter (OTC) products. 4. Market trends TCIs report also details the technology programs of 25 companies active in the development of Orally-Disintegrating Tablet technologies and 17 active in the development of Oral Film technologies. Technology Catalysts forecasts the market for drug products in oral thin film formulations to be valued at $500 million in 2007 and could reach $2 billion by 2010. The first oral strip was developed by Pfizer (New York) as a mouth freshening product (Listerine pocket packs). Chloraseptic Relief Strips (distributed by Prestige Brands, Irvington, NY), Theraflu Thin Strips treat the most common symptoms of a cold in adults and children 12 and older and will be available in two cherry-flavoured treatment options: Long Acting Cough that quiets coughs for up to eight hours, and Multi-Symptom that, as well as tackling coughs, is said to provide temporary relief from a runny nose and sneezing, and soothes itchy, watery eyes and throat. Both will cost approximately $5.49 for a 12-strip pack. Meanwhile, Triaminic Thin Strips, for children ages 6-12, will also be available in two treatment options: Long Acting Cough that quiets coughs for up to eight hours, in cherry flavor, and Cough Runny Nose, in grape flavour. They will cost approximately $5.99 for a 16-strip pack, according to Novartis. 5. Formulation consideration 5.1. film forming polymer A variety of polymers are available for preparation of OS. The polymers can be used alone or in combination to obtain the desired strip properties. The film obtained should be tough enough so that there wont be any damage while handling or during transportation. The robustness of the strip depends on the type of polymer and the amount in the formulation [23]. On the other hand, fast dissolving strip dosage formshould have the property to disintegrate in seconds when placed in mouth and deliver the drug to the oral cavity instantaneously. A list of polymers and their properties are given in Table 5 [24-30]. As the strip forming polymer (which forms the platform for the OS) is the most essential and major component of the OS, at least 45%w/w of polymer should generally be present based on the total weight of dry OS [31]. Of the various polymers available, pullulan, gelatin and hypromellose are most commonly used for preparation of OS. Pullulan is a natural polymer obtained from non-animal origin and does not require chemical modification. This polymer provides highly clear and homogenous films. It has low oxygen permeability and low water content which makes it most suitable for production of OS [32]. Many times, mixtures of polymers are used to improve hydrophilicity, flexibility, mouth-feel and solubility characteristics of OS. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone films are brittle in nature and therefore copovidone is mixed with poly vinyl pyrrolidone for preparation of flexible fast disintegrating strips [33]. Combination of microcrystalline cellulose and maltodextrin has been used to formulate OS of piroxicam made by hot melt extrusion technique. In this case, microcrystalline cellulose is used to render the film non-sticky and smooth [34]. Microcrystalline cellulose was also used to decrease the disintegration time and improve the dissolution of drug from the OS [35]. Property of polymer non-toxic non-irritant devoid of leachable impurities good wetting property spreadability property readily available Should not be very expensive Should exhibit sufficient peel, shear and tensile strengths. Various polymers can be employed to modulate the disintegration property of the oral strip. This is especially used in case of slowly disintegrable oral bioadhesive strips or patches that need to be retained in intact form for longer duration in the oral cavity. The bioadhesive polymer used in such formulations imparts the adhesive property to the strip such that it adheres to buccalmucosa to deliver the drug for prolonged period. Bioadhesive polymer should ideally adhere quickly to the buccal mucosa and should have sufficient mechanical strength. Polymers used for OS should have good shelf life and they should not aid in causing secondary infections in the oral mucosa or dental regions. It would be ideal to have a polymer that would have local enzyme inhibition action along with penetration enhancing property. The details of properties of bioadhesive or mucoadhesive polymers and their applications are discussed elsewhere [36-43]. Mucoadhesive polymers include polycarbophil, cellulos e derivatives like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poly(acrylic acid) derivatives, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxylethyl cellulose, hyaluronic acid, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, guar gum, carrageenan, sodiumalginate, chitosan, poly(ethylene oxide), poly (ortho esters), poly (hydroxyl butyrate), poly(cyano acrylates), polyphosphazenes, poly (vinyl alcohol) etc. Second generation mucoadhesive polymers include thiolated polymers. They are multifunctional polymers consisting of hydrophilic macromolecules having free thiol groups on the polymer backbone. The polymer forms disulfide bonds with cysteine-rich subdomains of mucus glycoproteins. Corium International has developed a new class of adhesive hydrogels (Corplex„ ¢) [44]. There are a number of marketed products available that are based on mucoadhesion phenomena. Oramoist ® is a Timed Release oral disk that adheres to the roof of the mouth and has a moisturizing effect for about 4 h [44]. It is recommended for dry mouth syndrome (xerostomia). Compeed ® is another formulation that is intended to treat cold sore [46]. Table Polymer: Hydoxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) Synonym:  Methocel, Metolose,  Benecel  (Hypromellose) Description: It is a odorless, tasteless and white or creamy white fibrous or granular powder Molecular weight: 10,000-1,500,000 Solubility:  Soluble in cold water,forming a viscous colloidal  solution, insoluble in  chloroform, ethanol Polymer:  Hydroxy propyl cellulose Synonym:  Hydroxyl propyl ether,  hyprolose, Klucel, Nisso HPC. Description:  It is a white to slightly yellow  colored, odorless and  tasteless powder. It is stable  material Molecular weight:  50,000-1,250,000 Solubility:  It is freely soluble in water  below 38  °C forming a  smooth, clear, colloidal  solution. Hydroxypropyl  cellulose is soluble in many  cold and hot polar organic  solvents such as absolute  ethanol, methanol, isopropyl  alcohol and propylene glycol Polymer:  Starch and modified starch Synonym:  Amido, amylum, PharmGel,  Fluftex W, Instant pure-Cote,  Melogel etc. Description:  It is an odorless, tasteless,  fine, white powder. Molecular weight:  50,000-160,000 Solubility:  It is insoluble in cold  water and ethanol. It swells in  water by about 5 to 10% at  37  °C Polymer:  Pullulan Synonym:  Pullulane, 1, 6 ÃŽÂ ± linked  maltotriose Description:  It is available as white,  odorless tasteless, stable  powder Molecular weight:  8000-2,000,000 Solubility:  It is soluble in hot as well as  cold water Polymer:  Pectin Synonym:  Citrus pectin, Methopectin,  pectin, pectinic acid   Description:  It occurs as a yellowishwhite,  odorless powder with  mucilaginous taste. Molecular weight:  30,000-100,000 Solubility:  It is soluble in water but  insoluble in most of the  organic solvents. Polymer:  Gelatin Synonym:   Byco, cryogel, Instagel,  Solugel Description:  It occurs as light amber to  faintly yellow colored,  vitreous, brittle solid. It is  ordorless, tasteless. Molecular weight:  15,000-250,000 Solubility:  Soluble in glycerin, acid and  alkali. Swells in water and  softens. It is soluble in hot  water Polymer:  Carboxy methyl cellulose Synonym: Akulell, Blanose, Aquasorh Description:  It is white, odorless powder Molecular weight:  90,000-700,000 Solubility: It is easily dispersed in water  to form a clear or colloidal  solution 5.2 Plasticizer Plasticizer is a vital ingredient of the OS formulation. It helps to improve the flexibility of the strip and reduces the brittleness of the strip. Plasticizer significantly improves the strip properties by reducing the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The selection of plasticizer will depend upon its compatibility with the polymer and also the type of solvent employed in the casting of strip. The flow of polymer will get better with the use of plasticizer and enhances the strength of the polymer [47, 48]. Glycerol, Propylene glycol, low molecular weight polyethylene glycols, phthalate derivatives like dimethyl, diethyl and dibutyl phthalate, Citrate derivatives such as tributyl, triethyl, acetyl citrate, triacetin and castor oil are some of the commonly used plasticizer excipients. Typically the plasticizers are used in the concentration of 0-20%w/w of dry polymer weight [49-57]. However inappropriate use of plasticizer may lead to film cracking, splitting and peeling of the strip [58-60]. It is also reported that the use of certain plasticizers may also affect the absorption rate of the drug [61]. 5.3 Active pharmaceutical ingredient The active substance is may be from any class of pharmaceutically active substances that can be administered orally or through the buccal mucosa, respectively. The OS technology has the potential for delivery of variety of APIs. However since the size of the dosage form has limitation, high dose molecules are difficult to be incorporated in OS. Generally 5%w/w to 30%w/w of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be incorporated in the OS [62]. Multivitamins up to 10%w/w of dry film weight was incorporated in the OS with dissolution time of less than 60 s [32]. APIs can also be added as milled, micronized or in the form of nanocrystals or particles depending upon the ultimate release profile desired. It is always useful to have micronized API which will improve the texture of the film and also for better dissolution anduniformity in the OS [63]. Some of the examples of suitable drug molecule that can be incorporated in the OS are listed in table-6. 5.4 sweetening agent Sweeteners have become the important part of the food products as well as pharmaceutical products intended to be disintegrated or dissolved in the oral cavity. Natural sweeteners as well as artificial sweeteners are used to improve the palatability of the mouth dissolving formulations. Sweetening agent such as Sugar, dextrose, lactose, mannitol, sucrose, xylitol, malitol, acesulfame potassium, talin, glycyrrhizin, sucralose, aspartame, saccharin etc. The classical source of sweetener is sucrose (derived from cane or beet in the form of liquid or dry state), dextrose, fructose, glucose, liquid glucose and maltose. The sweetness of fructose is perceived rapidly in the mouth as compared to sucrose and dextrose. Fructose is sweeter than sorbitol and mannitol and thus used widely as a sweetener. The artificial sweeteners have gained more popularity in food and pharmaceutical preparations. Saccharin,cyclamate and aspartame are the first generation of the artificial sweeteners followed by acesulfame-K, sucralose, alitame and neotame which fall under the second generation artificial sweeteners. Acesulfame-K and sucralose have more than 200 and 600 time sweetness. Neotame and alitame have more than 2000 and 8000 time sweetening power as compared to sucrose. Rebiana which is a herbal sweetener, derived from plant Stevia rebaudiana (South American plant) has more than 200-300 time sweetness [64].The flavor quality of these artificial sweeteners is different than the natural sweeteners and may not be acceptable to the patients who are accustomed to the natural sugars. The amalgamation of sweeteners may lead to synergismand improvement in the taste of the formulations [65]. Aspartame was used for the preparation of oral strips of valdecoxib [66]. For the oral strip of piroxicam, mal todextrin was employed as  sweetening agent [67]. Generally sweeteners are used in the concentration of 3 to 6 %w/w either alone or in combination [68]. 5.5 flavoring agent Perception for the flavors changes from individual to individual depending upon the ethnicity and liking. The selection of flavor is also dependant on the type of drug to be incorporated in the formulation. For example, mint flavor is generally added in products used for gastric related ailments like indigestion. The acceptance of the oral disintegrating or dissolving formulation by an individual by and large depends on the initial flavor quality which is observed in first few seconds after the product has been consumed and the after taste of the formulation which lasts for at least about 10 min [69]. Flavoring agents can be selected from synthetic flavor oils, oleo resins, extract derived from various parts of the plants like leaves, fruits and flowers. Flavors can be used alone or in the combination. Peppermint oil, cinnamon oil, spearmint oil, oil of nutmeg are examples of flavor oils while vanilla, cocoa, coffee, chocolate and citrus are fruity flavors. Apple, raspberry, cherry, pineapple are few examples of fruit essence type. The amount of flavor needed to mask the taste depends on the flavor type and its strength. Preferably up to 10%w/w flavors are added in the OS formulations. Cooling agents like monomethyl succinate can be added to improve the flavor strength and to enhance the mouth-feel effect of the product. Other cooling agents likeWS3, WS23 and Utracoll II can also be used in conjunction with flavors [68, 70]. 5.6 coloring agent Coloring agents may include FD C coloring agents, natural coloring agents, and natural juice concentrates, pigments such as titanium oxide, silicon dioxide and zinc oxide. (not exceeding concentration levels of 1%w/w) in OS .when some of the formulation ingredients or drugs are present in insoluble or suspension form [71,72]. 5.7 stabilizing and thickening agent The stabilizing and thickening agents are employed to improve the viscosity and consistency of dispersion or solution of the strip preparation solution or suspension before casting. Natural gums like xanthan gum, locust bean gum, carragenan and cellulosic derivatives can be used in the concentration up to 5%w/w as thickening agents and stabilizing agents [68]. Other ingredients such as surfactants and emulsifying agents are also added in small amount to improve the strip properties. 5.8 saliva stimulating agent The purpose of using saliva stimulating agents is to increase the rate of production of saliva that would aid in the faster disintegration of the rapid dissolving strip formulations. Generally acids which are used in the preparation of food can be utilized as salivary stimulants. Citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, ascorbic acid and tartaric acid are the few examples of salivary stimulants, citric acid being the most preferred amongst them. These agents are used alone or in combination between 2 to 6%w/w of weight of the strip. Other OS ingredients such as sweeteners also act as salivary stimulants. Food grade sugars as well as synthetic sugars are useful salivary stimulants along with acidulents. Glucose, fructose, xylose, maltose, lactose are few examples of such sweeteners [73]. The resting salivary flow rate was 0.34 ml/min .but citric acid is capable to increase the salivary flow rate up to 1.68ml/min [73]. 6. Method of manufacturing of oral thin film One (or a combination) of the following processes may be used to manufacture the oral films [74]. Solvent casting Hot-melt extrusion Solid dispersion extrusion Rolling 6.1 Solvent Casting The oral film is preferably formulated using the solvent-casting method, whereby the water-soluble ingredients are dissolved to form a clear viscous solution. The API and other agents are dissolved in smaller amounts of the solution, and combined with the bulk. This mixture is then added to the aqueous viscous solution. The entrapped air is removed by vacuum. The resulting solution is cast as a film and allowed to dry, which is then cut into pieces of the desired size. Water-soluble hydrocolloids used to prepare films are: hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), pullulan, sodium alginate, pectin and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) [75]. 6.2 Hot melt extrusion Hot melt extrusion (HME) is commonly used to prepare granules, sustained-release tablets, transderm